Abstract:
Introduction: The global rise in ultra-processed foods (UPFs) consumption has significantly
altered dietary habits, leading to adverse health outcomes such as obesity and metabolic
dysregulation. Characterized by hyper-palatable ingredients and extensive processing, UPFs
contribute to increased caloric intake, impaired satiety signals, and a higher prevalence of
addictive-like eating behaviors. Aim: By investigating the associations between UPFs
consumption, satiety, eating behaviors, food addiction, and blood glucose (BG) levels, this
research aims to fill a gap in understanding UPFs-related health impacts. Methods: Using a
cross-sectional design, the study recruited 222 participants, aged 18 to 65 years. Data collection
employed validated tools, including the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ) for
assessing eating behaviors, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) for food addiction, and the
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for satiety. BG levels were measured in a subsample (n=22) of
participants using fasting glucose tests. The 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4)
provided insights into participants' anxiety and depression, which may mediate the relationship between UPFs consumption and eating behaviors. UPF intake was quantified using a NOVAbased
food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), adapted from existing tools and categorized into
tertiles based on consumption levels. Classification of UPFs was guided by the NOVA system
and included items such as packaged snacks, sugary cereals, sweetened beverages, and processed
meats. Statistical analyses included multiple linear regressions, ANOVA, and non-parametric
tests. Results: Higher UPF intake was significantly associated with lower enjoyment of food (p =
0.002), greater food cravings (p = 0.003), and higher food addiction (FA) symptoms (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between UPF intake and post-meal hunger (ρ =
0.214, p < 0.001). However, no significant associations were found between UPF intake and
emotional eating, overall satiety ratings, psychological distress (PHQ-4), or fasting BG levels (p
= 0.171). Conclusion: High UPF consumption is linked to reduced food enjoyment and increased
compulsive eating tendencies, even among healthy individuals, with no chronic health conditions.
