“Democracy amid Media Fragmentation and Diversification

Abstract

Media pluralism and diversity are among indicators of freedom and liberalism in a society. Critics cautious of media polarization can undermine national cohesion and infuriate societal fragmentation. This paper explores both propositions through a comparative analysis of Lebanon and Iraq’s experiences. This thesis sheds light on media coverage of the popular protests that took place in both countries during the October 2019 protests. It reveals that the broadcast media (traditional TV stations) has infuriated public tensions and polarization among different sectarian cleavages. The quality of information and news analysis provided was meant to infuriate and mobilize sectarian adherents, hence undermining the quality of information and up-raising sectarian political leadership. In contrast, alternative social media coverages (Facebook & Twitter) provided more accurate and objective coverage and analyses while being massively reported by protestors and loyalists. Thus, this thesis concludes that diversity in social media is emerging as an important safeguard for pluralism and informed citizens. This conclusion is supported by a qualitative comparative analysis of media contents from the beginning of the protests in October 2019 to the end of December 2019. The analysis utilizes content coded analysis to identify patterns of discussions around protest themes, such engagements and debate center around the slogan of “ كلن 'يعني كلن ” (everyone means everyone), “ نازل اخذ حقي ” (coming to claim my rights). Another conclusion of the comparative analysis indicates that traditional media (broadcast) has played a divisive and sectarian indoctrination role while being controlled by political elites. Hence, this thesis finds that democracy is better served through publicly run social media rather than by elite controlled traditional broadcasts.