Numerical simulation of damage to massive stone columns due to earthquakes. (c2012)

Abstract

Large seismic events have historically occurred in the Middle East and particularly in Lebanon causing severe deterioration and destruction of historical monuments. In 1202 and 1759, Lebanon experienced two of the strongest earthquakes in the history of the region which led to the collapse of 34 monumental columns at the Jupiter temple of Baalbek. This study simulates the effects of earthquakes of varying magnitudes on massive stone columns in order to predict the potential of damage to such columns. The damage in the modeled columns is compared to the actual damage and chipping of the columns in Baalbek. This comparison enables the estimation of the different magnitudes of past earthquakes felt at that site. Numerical simulations were performed using the ADINA software in order to predict and analyze the damage and the collapse of the modeled columns. Two different models were used: a linear elastic model which allows the prediction of the magnitude at which toppling occurs and a second model that admits cracking and crushing of the stone with the aim of reflecting actual damage. The two models were used in predicting the response of the Baalbek colonnades to earthquakes having different magnitudes, thus serving as an indicator of either the occurrence or non-occurrence of past earthquakes with specific magnitudes.